Brian Matthews was born and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda. He attended the University of Melbourne and later taught in Victorian country technical schools before moving to Adelaide in 1967 to teach English and Australian literature at Flinders University.
Matthews taught in many European universities, including the Urbino Summer School in Literatures in English where he inaugurated the Australian literature course. He held many international posts, including Fulbright Scholar in Residence at the University of Oregon (1986) and Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Trento (1989). Matthews was granted an Australia Council for the Arts Writer's Fellowship in 1989 and was Chair of the Literature Board of the Australia Council from 1990 to 1992. He was Professor of Australian Studies and Director of the Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies at the University of London from 1993 to 1996.
In 1994 Matthews was appointed to a Personal Chair in English - the first ever to be awarded at Flinders University - and in 1995 he was elected to Fellowship of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. In 1997 he became the Foundation Director of the Europe-Australia Institute at Victoria University, Melbourne.
Brian Matthews has been Australia's foremost scholar on Henry Lawson and his mother, Louisa. His critical study of Lawson, The Receding Wave, was published in 1972 and has been used as a standard text. Louisa, the biography of Lawson's mother, appeared in 1987, and has won numerous literary prizes.
Well known for his 'hilarious comic gift', Brian Matthews presented many broadcasts, informal addresses and keynote speeches. He was the author of books, articles, reviews, essays and radio scripts on modern British literature and on Australian literature, culture, popular culture and sport. His column for the Australian Weekend Magazine 1997-2001 achieved cult status, and he also wrote columns for the on-line magazine Eureka Street.